"Keratin" smoothing products containing formaldehyde or its derivatives
Review2013 review
The authors note that many salon products contain formaldehyde or its derivatives, yet are marketed as safe6.
6 products out of 7 above 0.96% formaldehyde
Product analysis7 brands sold in South Africa in 2012Liquid chromatography
Six brands contain 0.96 to 1.4% formaldehyde, 5 times the 0.2% limit retained by the CIR. Five of them were labeled "formaldehyde free"7.
Exposure that can exceed salon limits
Salon simulation4 products on mannequin hair88 air samples
Formaldehyde content of the products: 11.5%, 8.3%, 3% and 0%. Mean air concentrations of 0.08 to 3.47 ppm during drying. Even products labeled "formaldehyde free" can produce concentrations equal to or above occupational exposure limits8.
Glyoxylic acid: crystalline nephropathy in mice
Mice and clinical caseCream with 10% glyoxylic acidSmoothing product testedSkin application
Glyoxylic acid, absorbed through the skin and converted to oxalate, caused calcium oxalate crystal nephropathy in mice. The authors recommend stopping cosmetic products that contain it11.
34 people with acute kidney injury after a smoothing product
Systematic review8 publications36 episodes
For 20 episodes, the product was labeled "formaldehyde free"; for 16, its composition was unknown. Everyone recovered. The authors call for caution with smoothing products12.