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Clove essential oil is steam-distilled from the dried flower buds of the clove tree9. Eugenol makes up at least half of it1. The oil and eugenol are both named in Annex III of the EU regulation: their presence must be declared above 0.001% in leave-on products and 0.01% in rinse-off products1011. Eugenol is a documented contact allergen2.
Entry from our cosmetic ingredient glossary. Regulatory data from the European Commission's CosIng database9, Regulation (EU) 2023/154510 and the consolidated Regulation (EC) No 1223/200911. Copy the identifiers in one click for your files.
Each result shows the protocol and the level of evidence. The higher the level, the better the result carries over to a finished formula.
Eugenol makes up at least 50% of the oil; the remaining 10 to 40% is eugenyl acetate, beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene. The extraction method (distillation, ultrasound, microwave, supercritical CO2, cold pressing) changes the content of these compounds1.
The review reports antibacterial activity of eugenol against several bacteria, including Staphylococcus epidermidis and methicillin-resistant S. aureus, as well as antioxidant activity. We found no controlled cosmetic trial of the oil on skin8.
Among 34 people allergic to eugenol, 21 (61.8%) had a positive patch test before the ROAT, the lowest positive concentration being 0.031%. The ROAT was positive in 19 (55.9%). The authors conclude that eugenol can cause a reaction at a very low dose2.
In guinea pigs, eugenol is classed as a mild sensitizer. In the LLNA, its EC3 value is 25.1%3.
908 people (8.3%) reacted to at least one oil. Clove oil (1.6% positive tests) is one of the six oils above 1%. Massage professionals and beauticians are over-represented among sensitized people4.
Nearly 80 essential oils have caused contact allergies. Of 55 tested in consecutive people, nine, clove included, exceed 2% positive tests. Most reactions come from pure oils or highly concentrated products; relevance data are often missing5.
Induced sensitization and pre-existing sensitization are observed at eugenol concentrations of 0.05% and 0.09% in patch tests. The authors conclude a very low potential at the concentrations found in consumer products7.
The most conservative no-effect level (NOAEL) for reproduction is 230 mg/kg/day. With 22.6% skin absorption, the margin of safety is 12,105; a margin above 100 is considered acceptable6.
This page summarizes published literature on a cosmetic ingredient. It does not describe the effect of a finished product, which depends on its formula, and it is not medical advice. Evidence is flagged by level: clinical trial, review or laboratory.
Our white label catalog includes 1 formula with clove oil, always as a supporting ingredient. Every category can be customized (formula, fragrance, packaging).
In our formulas, it is most often paired with
Eucalyptus 1Castor oil 1Rosemary 1Tea tree 1Vitamin E 1Four aromatic materials sometimes combined in the same care fragrance. Their regulatory status differs: check it before choosing.
| Clove | Wintergreen | Camphor | Boswellia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance named in Annex III | Eugenol, line 7111 | Methyl salicylate, line 32411 | Camphor, line 33110 | α-pinene and β-pinene, line 37110 |
| Oil or resin named in Regulation (EU) 2023/1545 | Yes: Eugenia caryophyllus oil, line 35610 | No: no line for Gaultheria1011 | Not applicable: a chemical substance is named10 | No: no line for Boswellia or frankincense1011 |
| Concentration limit | None: declaration only1011 | Yes, by product: 0.002% to 2.52% methyl salicylate11 | None: declaration only10 | None for the material; peroxide value below 10 mmol/L for pinene10 |
Peer-reviewed studies and official regulatory sources, checked on November 3, 2026.
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