A known sensitizer, found in so-called "natural" products
Review2005 reviewPatch tests
Between 1.2 and 6.6% of people tested react to propolis. It is found in lip balms, cosmetics, lotions, ointments, shampoos, conditioners and toothpastes. The authors recommend considering it in users of these products4.
6.2% reactions in Genoa, 0.9% in Malmö
Clinical trial2023257 people in Genoa, 329 in MalmöPropolis at 10% in petrolatum
In Genoa, 16 people out of 257 (6.2%) reacted, including 13 (5.1%) to Brazilian propolis. With Chinese propolis, the frequency is low: 0.4% in Genoa (one person) and 0.9% in Malmö (3 out of 329)5.
Very few cosmetics contain it in Europe
Review2026 review and survey500 cosmetics
None of the 500 cosmetics in the survey listed propolis. The authors conclude it is rarely, if ever, used in conventional cosmetics on the European market, and therefore unlikely to be a source of exposure. The link with beeswax is inconsistent from one study to the next: occasional cross-reactions exist, mostly with lip balms3.
Many reactions may be cross-reactions with fragrance
Review2013-2025 update
The authors judge that propolis is present in few cosmetics, which are an uncommon cause of sensitization. In their view, most positive tests could be cross-reactions or pseudo-cross-reactions in people already sensitized to fragrances. They ask that the origin of the propolis used in tests always be specified2.
A general review of adverse effects
Review2013 review
The review covers properties, uses, composition and contact allergy (sensitizing potential, products involved, cross-reactions, allergens) as well as other adverse effects1.