Humectant below 10%, keratolytic above
Review2018 review
A component of the natural moisturizing factor, urea preserves skin hydration. Up to 10%, it acts as a moisturizer; above that, it has a keratolytic action. It also serves as a penetration enhancer3.
Barrier, antimicrobial defense and cell renewal
Review2021 review
Urea acts on the expression of keratinocyte genes linked to their differentiation and to the production of antimicrobial peptides. Urea-based products are well tolerated, with mild adverse effects, more frequent at high concentration4.
Measuring the effect of urea
Review2020 reviewWater loss, conductance, capacitance
Non-invasive measurements of stratum corneum function make it possible to quantify the hydrating effect of topical urea6.
Stinging: urea and salt against glycerin
Clinical trialCream with 4% urea and 4% salt, against cream with 20% glycerin197 participants with very dry, reactive skin30 days, double-blind
The effect on dryness is equivalent, but moderate or severe stinging affects 24% of users of the urea-salt cream against 10% for glycerin10.
Safe in cosmetics, with a point of caution
CIR assessmentCIR expert panel 20050.01 to 10% in use
The panel concludes that urea is safe as used in cosmetics. It notes that it can increase the absorption of other substances through the skin, and that a burning sensation is the most reported effect2.